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EULOGY OF GARRISON 



REMARKS 



WENDELL PHILLIPS 



AT THE FUNERAL OF 



WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON 




BOSTON 

LEE AND SHEPARD, PUBLISHERS 

NEW YORK 

CHARLES T. DILLINGHAM 

1884 



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Copyright, 1S84, 
By lee and SHEPARD. 



All rights reserved. 



GARRISON. 



REMARKS OF WENDELL PHILLIPS 

AT THE 

Funeral of William Lloyd Garrison, 

Boston, May 28, 1879. 



It has been well said that we are not here to weep, and 
neither are we here to praise. No hfc closes without sad- 
ness. Death, after all, no matter what hope or what mem- 
ories surround it, is ter.ible and a mystery. We never part 
hands that have been clasped life-long in loving tonderness 
but the hour is sad ; still, we do not come here to weep. 
In other moments, elsewhere, we can offer tender and lov- 
ing sympathy to those whose roof-tree is so sadly bereaved. 
But in the spirit of the great hfe which we commemorate, 
this hour is for the utterance of a lesson ; this hour is given 
10 contemplate a grand example, a rich inheritance, a noble 
life worthily ended. You come together, not to pay tribute, 
oven loving tribute, to the friend you have lost, whose feat- 
ures you will miss from daily life, but to remember the 
grand lesson of that career ; to speak to each other, and to 
emphasize what that life teaches, — especially in the hearing 
of these young hsteners, who did not see that marvellous 



4 GARRISON. 

career ; in their hearing to construe the meaning of the great 
name which is borne world-wide, and tell them why on both 
sides the ocean, the news of his death is a matter of interest 
to every lover of his race. As mj- friend said, we have no 
right to be silent. Those of us who stood near him, who 
witnessed the secret springs of his action, the consistent in- 
ward and outward life, have no right to be silent. The 
largest contribution that will ever be made by any single 
man's life to the knowledge of the working of our institu- 
tions will be the picture of his career. He sounded the 
depths of the weakness, he proved the ultimate strength, of 
republican institutions ; he gave us to know the perils that 
confront us ; he taught us to rally the strength that lies bid. 
To my mind there are three remarkable elements in his 
career. One is rare even among great men. It was his 
own moral nature, unaided, uninfluenced from outside, that 
consecrated him to a great idea. Other men ripen gradu- 
ally. The 3-oungest of the great American names that will 
be compared with his was between thirty and forty when 
his first anti-slavery word was uttered. Luther was thirty- 
four 3'ears old when an infamous enterprise woke him to in- 
dignation, and it then took two years more to reveal to him 
the mission God designed for him. This man was in jail 
for his opinions when he was just twent3'-four. . He had 
confronted a nation in the very bloom of his youth. It 
could be said of him more than of any other American in 
our day, and more than of any gi'eat leader that I chance 
now to remember in any epoch, that he did not need cir- 
cumstances, outside influence, some great pregnant event 
to press him into service, to provoke him to thought, to 
kindle him into enthusiasm. His moral nature was as mar- 
vellous as was the intellect of Pascal. It seemed to be born 
fully equipped, "finely touched." Think of the mere dates ; 
think that at some twenty-four years old, while Christian- 



GARRISON. 5 

ity and "statesman sliip, the experience, the genius of the 
land, were wandering in the desert, aghast, amazed, and 
confounded over a fi iglitful evil, a great sin, this boy sounded, 
found, invented the talisman, "Immediate, unconditional 
emancipation on the soil." You ma}' saj' he borrowed it 
— true enough — from the lips of a woman on the other 
side of the Atlantic ; but he was the only American whose 
moral nature seemed, just on the edge of life, so perfectly 
open to duty and truth that it answered to the far-off bugle- 
note, and proclaimed it instantly as a complete solution of 
the problem. 

Young men, 3'ou have no conception of the miracle of 
that insight ; for it is not given to j-ou to remember with 
any vividness the blackness of the darkness of ignorance 
and indifference which then brooded over what was called 
the moral and religious element of the American people. 
When I think of him, as Melancthon said of Luther, "day 
by day grows the wonder fresh" at the lipeness of the 
moral and intellectual life that God gave him at the very 
opening. 

You hear that boy's lips announcing the statesmanlike 
solution which startled politicians and angered church and 
people. A year afterwards, with equally single-hearted 
devotion, in words that have been so often quoted, with 
those dungeon doors behind him, he enters on his career. 
In Januar}', 1831, then twenty-five years old, he starts the 
publication of "The Liberator," advocating the immediate 
abolition of slavery; and, with the sublime pledge, "I will 
be as harsh as truth and as uncompromising as justice. On 
this subject I do not wish to speak or write with modera- 
tion. I will not equivocate — I will not excuse — I will not 
retreat a single inch — and I will be heard." 

Then began an agitation which for the marvel of its 
origin, the majesty of its purpose, the earnestness, unself- 



b GARRISON. 

ishness and ability of its appeals, the vigor of its assault, 
the deep national convulsion it caused, the vast and benefi- 
cent changes it Avrought, and its wide-spread, indirect in- 
fluence on all kindred moral questions, is without a parallel 
in history since Luther. This boy created and marshalled 
it. His converts held it up and carried it on. Before this, 
all through the preceding century-, there had been among 
us scattered and single abolitionists, earnest and able men ; 
sometimes, like Wythe of Virginia, in high places. The 
Quakers and Covenanters had never intermitted their testi- 
mony against slavery. But Garrison was the first man to 
begin a movement designed to annihilate slavery. He an- 
nounced the principle, arranged the method, gathered the 
forces, enkindled the zeal, started the argument, and finally 
niai'shalled the nation for and against the S3-stem in a con- 
flict that came near rending the Union. 

I marvel again at the iustinctive sagacity which discerned 
the hidden forces fit for such a movement, called them forth, 
and wielded them to such prompt I'esults. Archimedes said, 
" Give me a spot and I will move the world." O'Connell 
leaned back on three millions of Irishmen, all on fire with 
sympathy. Cobden's hands were held up by the whole 
manufacturing interest of Great Britain ; his treasury was 
the wealth of the middle classes of the country, and behind 
him also, in fair proportion, stood the religious convictions 
of P^ngland. Marvellous was their agitation ; as you gaze 
upon it in its successive stages and analyze it, you are as- 
tonished at what they invented for tools. But this bo}' 
stood alone ; utterly alone, at first. There was no s^'mpathy 
anywhere ; his hands were empty ; one single penniless 
comrade was his only helper. Starving on bread and water, 
he could command the use of types, that was all. Trade 
endeavored to crush him ; the intellectual life of America 
disowned him. 



GARUISOX. 7 

My friend Weld has said the church was a thick bank 
of black cloud looming over him. Yes. But no sooner did 
the church discern the im})etuous boy's purpose than out 
of that dead, sluggish cloud thundered and lightened a ma- 
lignity which could not find words to express its Jiate. The 
very pulpit where I stand saw this apostle of liberty and 
justice sore beset, always in great need, and often in deadly 
peril ; yet it never gaA'e him one word of approval or sym- 
pathy. During all his weaiT struggle, Mr. Garrison felt 
its v,-eight iu the scale against him. In those j-ears it led 
the sect which arrogates to itself the name of Liberal. If 
this was the bearing of so-called Liberals, what bitterness 
of opposition, judge ye, did not the others show? A mere 
boy confronts church, commerce, and college ; a boy with 
neither training nor experience ! Almost at once the as- 
sault tells ; the whole country is hotly interested. AVhat 
created such life under those ribs of death? AVhence came 
that instinctive knowledge? Where did he get that sound 
common-sense? Whence did he summon that almost un- 
erring sagacity which, starting agitation on an untried field, 
never committed an error, provoking year by year addi- 
tional enthusiasm ; gathering, as he advanced, helper after 
helper to his side ! I marvel at the miraculous bo}'. He 
had no means. Where he got, whence he summoned, how 
he created, the elements which changed 1830 into 1835 
— 1830 apatity, indiffei-ence. ignorance, icebergs, into 1835, 
everj' man intelligent!}' hating him, and mobs assaulting 
bim in every city — is a marvel which none but older men 
than I can adequately analyze and explain. He said to a 
friend who remonstrated with him on the heat and severity 
of his language, '• Brother, I have need to be all on fire, for 
I have mountains of ice about me to melt." Well, that 
dungeon of 1830, that universal apathy, that deadness of 
soul, that contempt of what called itself intellect, in ten 



» GARRISON. 

years he changed into the whole country aflame. He made 
every single home, press, i)ulpit, and senate-chamber a de- 
bating societ}', with his right and wrong for the subject. 
And as was said of Luther, " God honored him by making 
all the worst men his enemies." 

Fastened on that daily life was a malignant attention and 
criticism such as no American has ever endured. I will 
not call it a criticism of hate ; that word is not strong 
enough. INIalignity searched him with candles from the 
moment he uttered that God-given sokition of the prob- 
lem to the moment when he took the hand of the nation 
and wrote out the statute which made it law. Malignity 
searched those forty years with candles, and yet even ma- 
lignity has never lisped a suspicion, much less a charge — 
never lisped a suspicion of anything mean, dishonorable, 
dishonest. Ko man, however mad with hate, however fierce 
in assault, ever dai'ed to liint that there was anything low 
in motive, false in assertion, selfish in purpose, dishonest in 
method — never a stain on the thought, the word, or the 
deed. 

Now contemplate this boy entering such an arena, con- 
fronting a nation and all its forces, utterly poor, with no 
sympathy from any quarter, conducting an angrv, wide- 
spread, and profound agitation for ten, twent}*, forty j^ears, 
amid the hate of everything strong in American life, and 
the contempt of everything influential, and no stain, not the 
slightest shadow of one, rests on his escutcheon ! Summon 
me the public men, the men who have put their hands to 
the helm of the vessel of state since 1789, of whom that 
can be said, although love and admiration, which almost 
culminated in worship, attended the steps of some of them. 

Then look at the work he did. My friends have spoken 
of his influence. What American ever held his hand so 
long and so powerfully on the helm of social, intellectual. 



GARRISON. 9 

and moral America? There have been giants in our day. 
Great men God has granted in widely different spheres; 
earnest men, men whom public admiration lifted earlj' into 
power. I shall venture to name some of them. Perhaps 
3'ou will say "it is not usual on an occasion lilie this, but 
long- waiting truth needs to be uttered in an hour when 
this great example is still absolutely indispensable to in- 
spire the effort, to guide the steps, to cheer the hope, of the 
nation not yet arrived in the promised land. I want to 
show j'ou the vast breadth and depth that this man's name 
signifies. We have had "Webster in the Senate ; we have 
had Lyman Beecher in the pulpit ; we have had Calhoun 
at the head of a section ; we have had a philosopher at Con- 
cord with his inspiration penetrating the 3'oung mind of the 
Northern States. They are the four men that history, per- 
haps, will mention somewhere near the great force whose 
closing in this scene we commemorate to-day. Remember 
now not merely the inadequate means at this man's con- 
trol, not simply the bitter hate that he confronted, not the 
vast work that he must be allowed to have done, — surely 
vast, when measured by the opposition he encountered and 
the strength he held in his hands, — but dismissing all those 
considerations, measuring nothing but the breadth and depth 
of his hold, his gi'asp on American character, social change, 
and general progress, what man's signet has been set so deep, 
planted so forever on the thoughts of his epoch? Trace 
home intelligent!}-, trace home to their sources, the changes 
social, political, intellectual and religious, that have come 
over us during the last fifty years, — the volcanic convulsions, 
the storm}' waves which have tossed and rocked our genera- 
tion, — and you will find close at the sources of the Mis- 
sissippi this boy with his proclamation ! 

The great part}" that put on record the statute of freedom 
was made up of men whose conscience he quickened and 



10 GARRISON. 

whose intellect he inspired, and they long stood the tools of 
a public opinion that he created. The grandest name be- 
side his in the America of our times is that of John Brown. 
Brown stood on the platform that Garrison built ; and Mrs. 
iStowe herself charmed an audience that he gathered for 
her, with wprds which he inspired, from a heart that he 
kindled. Sitting at his feet were leaders born of " The Lib- 
erator," the guides of public sentiment. I know whereof I 
affirm. It was often a pleasant boast of Charles Sumner 
that he read "The Liberator" two 3'ears before I did, and 
among the great men who followed his lead and held up his 
hands in Massachusetts, where is the intellect, where is the 
heart that does not trace to this printer-bo}^ the first pulse 
that bade him serve the slave ? For mj'self, no words can 
adequately tell the measureless debt I owe him, the moral 
and intellectual life he opened to me. I feel like the old 
Greek, who, taught himself by Socrates, called his own 
scholars "the disciples o< ocrates." 

This is only anothei i-btance added to the roll of the 
Washingtons and the Hampdens, whose root is not ability, 
but character; that influence which, like the great Mas- 
ter's of Judea (humanly speaking), spreading through the 
centuries, testifies that the world suffers its grandest changes 
not by genius, but by the more potent coati'ol of character. 
His was an earnestness that would take no denial, that 
consumed opposition in the intensity of its convictions, that 
knew nothing but right. As friend after friend gathered 
slowl}', one by one, to his side, in that very meeting of a 
dozen heroic men, to form the New England Anli-Slavery 
Societ}', it was his compelling hand, his resolute unwilling- 
ness to temper or qualify the utterance, that finally dedi- 
cated that first organized movement to the doctrine of im- 
mediate emancipation. He seems to have understood — this 
boy without experience — he seemT to have understood by 



GAIUUSON. 11 

instinct that righteousness is the onlj' thing which will 
finally compel submission ; that one, with God, is always a 
majority. He seems to have known it at the very outset, 
taught of God, the herald and champion, God-endowed and 
God-sent to arouse a nation, that only by the most absolute 
assertion of the uttermost truth, without qualification or 
compromise, can a nation be waked to conscience or sti'englh- 
ened for duty. No man ever understood so thoroughly — 
not O'Connell, nor Cobden — the nature and needs of that 
arjitation which alone, in our da}', reforms states. In the 
darkest hour he never doubted the omnipotence of con- 
science and the moral sentiment. 

And then look at the unquailing courage with which he 
faced the successive obstacles that confronted him ! Modest, 
believing at the outset that America could not be as cor- 
rupt as she seemed, he waits at the door of the churches, 
importunes leading clergymen, begs for a voice from the 
sanctuary, a consecrated protest 9pa the pulpit. To his 
utter amazement, he learns, by t*tj. ■• probing it, that the 
church will give him no help, but, on the contrary, surges 
into the movement in opposition. Serene, though astounded 
by the unexpected revelation, he simpl}' turns his footsteps, 
and announces that "a Christianity which keeps peace 
with the op[n'essor is no Christianity'," and goes on his way 
to supplant the religious element which the church had 
allied with sin by a deeper religious faith. Yes. he sets 
himself to work, this stripling with his sling confronting the 
angry giant in complete steel, this solitary' evangelist, to 
make Christians of twenty millions of people ! I am not ex- 
aggerating. You know, older men, who can go back to that 
period ; I know that when one, kindred to a voice that you 
have heard to-day, whose pathway Garrison's bloody feet 
had made easier for the treading, when he uttered in a pul- 
pit in Boston only a few strong words, injected in the course 



12 GARllISON. 

of a sermon, his venerable father, between seventy and 
eighty ^-ears, was met the next morning and his hand 
shaken by a much moved friend. " Colonel, j'ou have my 
sympathy. I cannot tell you how much I pity you." 
" What," said the brusque old man, "what is your pit}'?" 
"Well, I hear your son went crazy at 'Church Green' 
yesterday." Such was the utter indifference. At that time, 
bloody feet had smoothed the pathway for other men to 
tread. Still, then and for years afterwards, insanity was 
the only kind-hearted excuse that partial friends could find 
for sympathy with such a madman ! 

If anything strikes one more prominently than another in 
this career — to your astonishment, young men, you may say 
— it is the plain, sober common-sense, the robust English 
element which underlay Cromwell, which explains Hamp- 
den, which gives the color that distinguishes 1640 in Eng- 
land from 1790 in France. Plain, robust, well-balanced 
' common-sense. Nothing erratic ; no enthusiasm which had 
lost its hold on firm earth ; no mistake of method ; no 
unmeasured confidence ; no miscalculation of the enemy's 
strength. Whoever mistook. Garrison seldom mistook. 
Fewer mistakes in that long agitation of fiftj^ 3"ears can be 
charged to his account than to any other American. Erratic 
as men supposed him, intemperate in utterance, mad in judg- 
ment, an enthusiast gone craz}^ the moment you sat down 
at his side, patient in explanation, clear in statement, sound 
in judgment, stud3-ing carefully every step, calculating every 
assault, measuring the force to meet it, never in haste, al- 
ways patient, waiting until the time ripened, — fit for a 
great leader. Cull, if 3'ou please, from the statesmen who 
obeyed him, whom he either whipped into submission or 
summoned into existence, cull from among them the man 
whose career, fairly examined, exhibits fewer miscalcula- 
tions and fewer mistakes than this career which is just ended. 



GARRISON. 13 

I know what I claim. As Mr. TVeld has said, I am 
speaking to-da}- to men who judge b}" theii- ears, by rumors ; 
who see, not with their 6368, but with their prejudices, llis- 
tor}', fifty years hence, dispelling your prejudices, will do 
justice to the grand sweep of the orbit which, as my friend 
said, to-day we are hardly in a position, or mood, to meas- 
ure. As Coleridge avers, "The truth-haters of to-morrow 
will give the right name to the truth-haters of to-day, for 
even such men the stream of time bears onward." I do not 
fear that if mj* words are remembered by the next gener- 
ation they will be thought unsupported or extravagant. 
When history seeks the sources of New England character, 
when men begin to open up and examine the hidden springs 
and note the convulsions and the throes of American life 
within the last half centur}', the}* will remember Parker, 
that Jupiter of the pulpit ; they will remember the long 
unheeded but measureless influence that came to us from 
the seclusion of Concord ; they will do justice to the mas- 
terly statesmanship which guided, during a part of his life, 
the efforts of Webster, but the}' will recognize that there 
was only one man north of Mason and Dixon's line who 
met squarely, with an absolute logic, the else impregnable 
position of John C. Calhoun ; only one brave, far-sighted, 
keen, logical intellect, which discerned that there were only 
two moral points in the universe, right and wrong; that 
when one was asserted, subterfuge and evasion would be 
sure to end in defeat. 

Here lies the brain and the heart "; here lies the statesman- 
like intellect, logical as Jonathan Edwards, brave as Lu- 
ther, which confronted the logic of South Carolina with an 
assertion direct and broad enough to make an issue and 
necessitate a conflict of two civilizations. Calhoun said, 
Slavery is right. Webster and Clay shrunk from him and 
evaded his assertion. Garrison, alone at that time, met 



14 GAERISON. 

him face to face, proclaiming slavery a sin and daring all 
the inferences. It is true, as New Orleans complains to-day 
in her journals, that this man brought upon America every- 
thing they call the disaster of the last twenty years ; and it 
is equally true that if 3'ou seek through the hidden causes 
and unheeded events for the hand that wrote "'emancipa- 
tion " on the statute-book and on the flag, it lies still there 
to-day. 

I have no time to number the man}' kindred reforms to which 
he lent as profound an earnestness and almost as large aid. 

I hardly dare enter that home. There is one other 
marked, and, as it seems to me, unprecedented, element in 
this career. His was the happiest life I ever saw. No 
need for pity. Let no tear fall over his life. N6 man 
gathered into his bosom a fuller sheaf of blessing, delight, 
and joy. In his seventy years, there were not arrows enough 
in the whole quiver of the church or state to wound him. 
As Guizot once said from the tribune, "Gentlemen, 3'ou 
cannot get high enough to reach the level of my contempt." 
So Garrison, from the serene level of his daily life, from the 
faith that never faltered, was able to say to American hate, 
"You cannot reach up to the level of my home mood, my 
daily existence." I have seen him intimately for thirty 
years, while raining on his head was the hate of the com- 
raunit}', when by ever}' possible form of expression malig- 
nity let him know that it wished him all sorts of harm. I 
never saw him unhappy ; I never saw the moment tiiat se- 
rene, abounding faith in the rectitude of his motive, the 
soundness of his method, and the certainty of his success did 
not lift him above all possibility of being reached by any 
clamor about him. Every one of his near friends will agree 
with me that this was the happiest life God has granted 
in our day to any American standing in the foremost rank 
of influence and effort. 



GARRISON. 15 

Adjourned from the stormiest meeting, where hot de- 
bate had roused all his powers as near to anger as his 
nature ever let him come, the music of a dozen voices — 
even of those who had just opposed him — or a piano, if 
the house held one, changed his mood in an instant, 
and made the hour laugh with more than content ; unless 
indeed, a baby and plaj-ing with it proved metal even more 
attractive. 

To champion wearisome causes, bear with disordered in- 
tellects, to shelter the wrecks of intemperance and fugitives 
whose pulse trembled at every touch on the door-latch — 
this was his home ; keenly alive to human suffering, ever 
prompt to help relieve it, pouring out his means for that 
more lavishly than he ought — all this was no burden, 
never clouded or depressed the inextinguishable buoyancy 
and gladness of his nature. God ever held over him un- 
clouded the sunlight of his countenance. 

And he never grew old. The tabernacle of flesh grew 
feebler and the step was less elastic. But the ability to 
work, the serene faith and unflagging hope suffered no 
change. To the day of his death he was as ready as in his 
boyhood to confront and defy a mad majority. The keen 
insight and clear judgment never failed him. His tenacity 
of purpose never weakened. He showed nothing either of 
the intellectual sluggishness or the timidity of age. The 
bugle-call which, last year, woke the nation to its peril and 
duty on the Southern question, showed all the old fitness to 
lead and mould a people's course. Younger men might be 
confused or dazed by plausible pretensions, and half the 
North was befooled ; but the old pioneer detected the false 
ring as quickly as in his youth. The words his dying hand 
traced, welcoming the Southern exodus and foretelling its 
result, had all the defiant courage and prophetic solemnity 
of his youngest and boldest days. 



4 



GAREISON. 



Ser-^ne, fearless, marvellous man ! Mortal, with so few 
shortcomings ! 

Farewell, for a very little while, noblest of Christian 
men ! Leader, brave, tireless, unselfish ! When the ear 
heard thee, then it blessed thee ; the eye that saw thee gave 
witness to thee. More truly than it could ever heretofore 
be said since the great patriarch wrote it, " the blessing of 
him that was ready to perish" was thine eternal great re- 
ward. 

Though the clouds rest for a moment to-day on the great 
work that you set your heart to accomplish, you knew, God 
in his love let you see, that your work was done ; that one 
thing, by his blessing on your efforts, is fixed beyond the 
possibility^ of change. While that ear could listen, God 
gave what He has so rarely given to man, the plaudits and 
prayers of four millions of victims, thanking you for eman- 
cipation, and through the clouds of to-day your heart, as it 
ceased to beat, felt certain, certain, that whether one flag or 
two shall rule this continent in time to come, one thing is 
settled — it never henceforth can be trodden by a slave ! 



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